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Cancelling / Converting Units: Examples (page 2 of 2)

• Suppose an object is moving at 66 ft/sec. How fast would you have to drive a car to keep pace with this object?

A car's speedometer doesn't measure feet per second, so you'll have to convert to some other measurement. You choose miles per hour. You know the following conversions: 1 minute = 60 seconds, 60 minutes = 1 hour, and 5280 feet = 1 mile. If 1 minute equals 60 seconds (and it does), then

The fact that the conversion can be stated in terms of "1", and that the conversion ratio equals "1" no matter which value is on top, is crucial to the process of cancelling units.

We have a measurment in terms of feet per second; we need a measurement in terms of miles per hour. To convert, we start with the given value with its units (in this case, "feet over seconds") and set up our conversion ratios so that all undesired units are canceled out, leaving us in the end with only the units we want. Here's what it looks like:

Why did we set it up like this? Because, just like we can cancel factors when we multiply fractions, we can also cancel units:

I would have to drive at 45 miles per hour.

How did I know which way to put the ratios? How did I know which units went on top and which went underneath? I didn't. Instead, I started with the given measurement, wrote it down complete with its units, and then put one conversion ratio after another in line, so that whichever units I didn't want were eventually canceled out. If the units cancel correctly, then the numbers will take care of themselves.

If, on the other hand, I had done something like, say, the following:

...then nothing would have cancelled, and I would not have gotten the correct answer. By making sure that the units canceled correctly, I made sure that the numbers were set up correctly too, and I got the right answer. This "setting up so the units cancel" is a crucial aspect of this process.

• You are mixing some concrete for a home project, and you've calculated according to the directions that you need six gallons of water for your mix. But your bucket isn't calibrated, so you don't know how much it holds. On the other hand, you just finished a two-liter bottle of soda. If you use the bottle to measure your water, how many times will you need to fill it?

For this, I take the conversion factor of 1 gallon = 3.785 liters. This gives me:



= (6 × 3.785) liters = 22.71 L

Since my bottle holds two liters, then:

I should fill my bottle completely eleven times, and then once more to about one-third capacity.

On the other hand, I might notice that the bottle also says "67.6 fl.oz.", right below where it says "2.0L". Since there are 128 fluid ounces in one (US) gallon, I might do the calculations like this:

= 11.3609467456... bottles   Copyright © Elizabeth Stapel 2006-2008 All Rights Reserved

...which, considering the round-off errors in the conversion factors, compares favorably with the answer I got previously.

• You find out that the average household in Mesa, Arizona uses about 0.86 acre-feet of water every year. You get your drinking water home-delivered in those big five-gallon bottles for the water dispenser. How many of these water bottles would have to be stacked in your driveway to equal 0.86 acre-feet of water?

The conversion ratios are 1 acre = 43,560 ft², 1ft³ = 7.481 gallons, and five gallons = 1 water bottle. First I have to figure out the volume in one acre-foot. An acre-foot is the amount that it would take to cover one acre of land to a depth of one foot. How big is 0.86 acres, in terms of square feet?

If I then cover this 37,461.6 ft² area to a depth of one foot, this would give me 0.86 acre-feet of water, or (37,461.6 ft²)(1 ft deep) = 37,461.6 ft³ volume of water. But how many bottles does this equal?



= 56,050.04592.... bottles

...or about 56,000 bottles every year.

This works out to about 150 bottles a day. Can you imagine "living close to nature" and having to lug all that water in a bucket? Thank heaven for modern plumbing!

• You've been watching a highway construction project that you pass on the way home from work. They've been moving an incredible amount of dirt. You call up the information line, and find out that, when all eighty trucks are running with full crews, the project moves about nine thousand cubic yards of dirt each day. You think back to the allegedly "good old days" when work was all done manually, and wonder how many wheelbarrowsful of dirt would be equivalent to nine thousand cubic yards of dirt. You go to your garage, and see that your wheelbarrow is labeled on its side as holding six cubic feet. Since people wouldn't want to overfill their barrows, spill their load, and then have to start over, you assume that this stated capacity is a good measurement. How many wheelbarrow loads would it take to move the same amount of dirt as those eighty trucks?

The conversion ratios are 1 wheelbarrow = 6 ft³ and 1yd³ = 27ft³. Then I get:



= 40,500 wheelbarrows

Wow; 40,500 wheelbarrow loads!

Even ignoring the fact the trucks drive faster than people can walk, it would require an amazing number of people just to move the loads those trucks carry. No wonder there weren't many of these big projects back in "the good old days"!

When you get to physics or chemistry and have to do conversion problems, set them up as shown above. If, on the other hand, they just give you lots of information and ask for a certain resulting value, think of the units required by your resulting value, and, working backwards from that, line up the given information so that everything cancels off except what you need for your answer.

For a table of common (and not-so-common) English unit conversions, look here. For metrics, try here. Here is another table of conversion factors.

When I was looking for conversion-factor tables, I found mostly Javascript "cheetz" that do the conversion for you, which isn't much help in learning how to do the conversions yourself. But along with finding the above tables of conversion factors, I also found a table of currencies, a table of months in different calendars, the dots and dashes of Morse Code, how to tell time using ships' bells, and the Beaufort scale for wind speed.

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